I just finished a draft of the following essay, entitled Operation Get Fired: A Chronicle of the Academic Repression of Radical Environmentalist and Animal Rights Advocate-Scholars, that explores how the US academy is currently involved in making things difficult for scholars with radical interests in contemporary ecopolitics. As it has to do with the thematics of my blog and is connected to Freire's work, I would like to offer it here in advance of publication. Below is the intro and a link to the full piece as .pdf. I'm open to any comments or critique, which if it arrives quickly enough may be able to be worked into the essay's published form.
Operation Get Fired: A Chronicle of the Academic Repression of Radical Environmentalist and Animal Rights Advocate-Scholars
Richard Kahn
To make reality opaque is not neutral. To make reality lucid, illuminated, is also not neutral. In order for us to do that, we have to occupy the space of the schools with liberating politics. Nevertheless we cannot deny something very obvious. Those who make reality opaque through the dominant ideology, through spreading, multiplying, reproducing the dominant ideology, are swimming with the current! Those who demystify the reproducing task are swimming against the current! Swimming against the current means risking and assuming risks. Also, it means expecting constantly to be punished. I always say those who swim against the current are first being punished by the current and cannot expect the gift of weekends on tropical beaches! – Paulo Freire in Shor & Freire (1987: 36-7)
The myth of contemporary institutions of higher education is that they are scholarly places firmly grounded in the ideal and practice of intellectual freedom. University presidents, it seems, are especially fond of this ivory tower tale and spend time every year promoting their institutional commitment to advancing tolerance for diverse and marginal perspectives under the aegis of a supposedly evolving collective discourse taking place across the disciplines. The imaginative charm of such language is that it functions to evoke college campuses as representative cities upon a hill, places that are capable of modeling for civil society (and other levels of schooling) how enlightened communities should be established and function in their affairs. This romance of higher education tends to represent campus culture as a meritocratic and fertile support for individual excellence and ambition, even as the university is concurrently consecrated to the unbiased uplift of all it serves. The myth of academic freedom, then, is purposively connotative of the spirit of inclusion, of frank and democratic debate, and of administrative transparency and fairness – in short, of the open society (Popper, 1971).
To be sure, higher education does allow for a level of debate and ideological inclusion that is certainly welcome, and depending upon where one lives, it may in fact serve as a veritable sanctuary for faculty, students and citizens who are interested in pushing beyond expected social norms in their research agendas and lifestyles. Moreover, it is undeniable that the academy has historically been a friend, though not an exclusive or discerning friend, to the political and cultural left; and it continues to offer spaces of collegial support where progressives can organize politically, fraternize with countercultures, and receive a paycheck for engaging the minds and hearts of others in potentially meaningful work.
I myself am an academic and, truth be told, have spent almost the entirety of the last 20 years as either a teacher or a student within the hallowed halls of higher education. But, as Noam Chomsky must invariably remark at every lecture in which he savages the American State for its brutal atrocities and Big Lies, just as I am happy to identify as an academic (as well as an American) it does not mean that I do so as an apologist or with blinders on. In fact, the privileges that come with such status as I have been afforded by the academy and the nation perhaps make a form of ethical demand upon me as a scholar – that I undertake an ongoing critique of the limitations and contradictions of my place in society as a professional intellectual and that I attempt to reveal the manner in which the academic experience is neither a friendly nor emancipatory one. My particular work in the academy responds to this demand: I am a critical theorist of education working within the philosophical tradition known as critical pedagogy, which was founded by Paulo Freire and is broadly carried on today by important figures such as Peter McLaren, Henry Giroux, bell hooks, Antonia Darder, Donaldo Macedo, Douglas Kellner, Joe Kincheloe, Bill Ayers and others.
As the epigram by Freire at the beginning of this essay makes clear, critical pedagogues view educational institutions as contested terrains that afford the possibility of resistance but which are necessarily related to and work on behalf of the larger society of which they are themselves a part. Thus, one of their dominant roles within the social structure is to serve as factories for the production-line formation of massified values and norms. This is done through the standardization of schooling’s hidden and avoided curricula as much as it is through that which is overtly taught and sanctioned as knowledge. In all of its primary curricular modes higher education, no less than elementary or secondary education (and possibly even more so), communicates intimately with the capitalist marketplace and the conservators of social power. Indeed, we are increasingly bearing witness to the rise of what Giroux (2007) terms a “military-industrial-academic complex” in which educational leaders commonly initiate strategic planning to forge deep alliances between their institutions of higher education with the corporate private sector, the Department of Defense and various armed forces services, as well as the security and regulatory apparatuses of the State. This has proven to be an ominous development for those who seek to define education as an avenue for moral progress in, as H. G. Wells once put, its race against catastrophe.
Those who are arguably now at the forefront of attempting turn back society’s trend toward the catastrophic are the activist-educators who are struggling for a new paradigm social movement of planetarity – a truly sustainable and ecological world comprised by a diverse range of earthlings, human and nonhuman species existing peacefully together beyond the domination of nature in evolving orders of mutuality. Who are these educators? They are the environmentalists who oppose the globalization of technocapitalism in its many guises. They are the vegan abolitionists. They are the earth and animal liberationists, who will take up direct action to put an end to violence, as well as all those who recognize that the pedagogy of the oppressed must now be conducted across species lines. They are the activists who recognize that the great emancipation of peoples must occur concurrently with the reconstruction of “personhood” as an ethical category, lest social justice be a progressive ruse that fails to meet the challenge of an unprecedented mass extinction crisis that is now underway. As such, these activist-educators swim headlong against the tide of the dominant ideology.
The corporate State has accordingly reacted with a campaign of terror, a Green Scare, designed to severely punish leading contributors of this counterhegemonic movement for social change, to generate paranoia and fear amongst its potential sympathizers, and to provide a causus belli for a new series of highly repressive laws and amendments designed to limit the free speech and the practice of civil liberties of the movement’s adherents. A centerpiece of this State response has been Operation Backfire, an FBI-led, multi-agency criminal investigation and COINTELPRO-style infiltration of the revolutionary environmentalist and animal rights advocacy communities. To common knowledge, this political operation in the hunt for so-called “ecoterrorists” has taken place in society at large. Yet, the academy as an institution of social reproduction has necessarily followed suit and become involved in this attack on radical environmentalists and animal rightists as well.
This essay, then, will attempt to briefly chronicle the wide range of academic repression that has resultantly taken place against scholars, students, and university groups who have dared to swim upstream against social and institutional hegemony by identifying their work and interests with the need to fight and care for the Earth and all of its inhabitants. By doing so, I believe readers will ultimately conclude that when those within higher education move beyond the campus proper to challenge the forces behind the Green Scare, the repressive aims of the State are likely to be brought to bear upon their academic freedom. The academy has itself maintained an attitude of what Herbert Marcuse (1969) termed “repressive tolerance” towards the green and animal rights radicals who work within its midst – creating an institutional cult that mouths the value of tolerance to preserve the status-quo and check attempts at opinion that work outside acceptable levels of controllable dissent. My underlying supposition is that this development is itself intolerable.
To continue reading the draft of this essay: http://richardkahn.org/writings/new/OperationGetFiredDraft.pdf
Comments
Richard,
Vanessa Paradis
Hi Vanessa,
Thanks for taking the time to offer such kind and thoughtful comments. I really appreciate it.
You raise a lot of questions at the end, which I can't possibly do justice to here but will try to offer some quick pointers and am happy to stay in touch and assist to the degree possible.
You wrote: "I recently wrote a paper for one of my courses proposing using Deep Ecology in place of western ethics for cyberethics, but I am thinking that even Deep Ecology is too westernized. What are your thoughts?"
Deep Ecology has its plusses and minuses. There are still communities in which it remains deeply influential, but on the whole one begins to feel like in the radical environmental community it has been sublated and its historical moment has flowered into something qualitatively different now. The work of Arne Naess, the philosopher who founded the school of thought, is just only now beginning to be completely translated into english, so this will be an important catalyst to a serious re-engagement with the ideas therein. In North America, Naess's work was less the reason for its popularity and it was instead a second-hand reading by environmental philosophers Bill Devall and George Sessions. This work was similar in some ways to the ways first generation critical pedagogues reinvented the work of Freire and its success was that it was able to bring the spirit of Naess's work to North American context. The downside of this was that many people interested in Deep Ecology never took the time to deeply ground themselves in Naess. Moreover, in the 1990s a big debate broke out between followers of Murry Bookchin & Social Ecology and those of Deep Ecology. While Bookchin's charge of Deep Ecologists as "eco-fascists" was overly polemical and hurtful, in my opinion readings of Deep Ecology that fail to engage with Social Ecology are historically flawed. The challenge for those involved in this tradition of philosophy is to integrate the two dialectically. Judi Bari was a good example of someone who was working at the forefront of this movement.
You wrote: "And maybe you can just summarize for me how critical pedagogues are bringing the environmental into critical pedagogy or vice versa. Did Freire address this in any of his work? (I am reading like crazy trying to get up to speed on all of this! Critical pedagogues write a lot!"
This is a thesis question and I have attempted to provide some semblance of answers to it in essays of mine on Ecopedagogy, such as in the last section of From Education for Sustainable Development to Ecopedagogy (in the latest issue of Green Theory & Praxis), and in Towards Ecopedagogy (in the 2nd ed. of The Critical Pedagogy Reader). In my piece on Paideia (which was in a recent book by Ilan Gur-Ze'ev and Klas Roth) I also outline some developments in this regard. These pieces I believe are on my website. In short, Freire did address some of this and especially at the end of his life, though considering that figures close to him like Illich made this a central aspect of his work from the 1960s onward, Freire's statements seem scant in comparison. He did have this on the agenda in his work in Sao Paulo as an administrator in the 1990s. It is also said that he was at work on a book on ecopedagogy when he died. We do have a final statement from him saying that this is the direction that all education must incorporate in the 21st century. On the other hand, there are historical limitations in Freire's humanism that manifest as speciesist contradictions to be explored and overcome. This is a major focus of my own work.
In terms of critical pedagogy beyond Freire, this is complex. On the whole, I have found a major gap reproduced in the historical literature though one can read the attention to urban inner-city poverty as an environmental justice issue. Still, it was a rare theoretical moment that I have seen in which this approach was actually named and connected up. Instead, it seems like a co-evolution at best. Major figures like Henry Giroux did not have this on his agenda as far as I can tell and I found even some manner of environmental dismissal in some of his work (as a form of politics that works to avoid class or race issues for instance). I do know that lately Giroux has named ecological catastrophe as one of the great horrors that is our challenge and a context for his rage and hope, though -- for instance, see the video interview with him by Sut Jhally's Media Education Foundation. I was very pleased to see this b/c I didn't like the thought of myself and Giroux at odds on this matter! Peter McLaren, who is a teacher and good friend of mine, has had this on his agenda for a number of years and has put forward some important statements on this recently. Besides myself, to my knowledge, he is alone amongst the critical pedagogues in coming out publicly against speciesism (though this has not been a major focus of his work and his self-identification as a Marxist-Humanist, like with Freire, raises the ideological contradiction of how this plays out in a non-speciesist manner). Antonia Darder has been very supportive of this work and has spoken about the military desecration and bombardment of Puerto Rico. Douglas Kellner, my mentor, follows in the tradition of Marcuse and has this as a major concern. David Orr is not a critical pedagogue but in his work on environmental pedagogy, he is a major theorist of this, he points to Freire and critical pedagogy. Edmund O' Sullivan, a critical pedagogy forebearer, and those around him at the Transformative Learning Centre at OISE have put out a number of books on this. Eduardo Gonzalez-Guadiano, an environmental eduation theorist from Mexico, is worth looking at for a mixture of critical pedagogy and environmental pedagogy. Moacir Gadotti and others in Latin America are doing work on this now but it has not been published in book form into English. A major source of their work, besides Freire, is the liberation theologian Leonardo Boff. Again, Boff's work is largely missing in English. Lastly, David Greenwood (formerly, Gruenewald) is doing some interesting work trying to forge environmental education with critical models. He's definitely very important and about 5 years ahead of me on this. He seems mainly to have advanced this work in the environmental education circles, though, whereas I am pitching it and trying to get a hearing in critical pedagogy circles. So we are similar diplomats working on each side of the debate...though I don't know that he would affirm this or not!
You wrote: "And like most people seem to have experienced, even though I have a masters in education and am nearing my doctorate, the curriculum left out the Critical!)" Maybe you can point me to some of the literature that specifically covers the environmental side of this. I have toyed with the idea of an integrated curriculum, especially for K-8 that is completely centered on the environmental sciences. Being an interdisciplinary field, every subject can be incorporated giving students a more holistic and environmentally conscious education. I know there are such curricula out there, but I do not know if an entire school program based on critical pedagogy is doing so."
I'm less of an expert on good curricular materials being a critical theorist. There is a great book from 1995 or so by the humane educator David Selby called Earthkind. This is definitely worth the price of admission. Edmund O'Sullivan's recent stuff is also worth checking out. Zoe Weil, who heads up the Institute of Humane Education in Surrey, Maine has some interesting curricular materials. There is good stuff on the Earth Charter's website as well. I would start with these off the top of my head. For K-8, Earthkind is just a profound treasure though.
Best,
Richard
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Richard Kahn, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor of Educational Foundations and Research
University of North Dakota
231 Centennial Drive, Stop 7189, ED 305
Grand Forks, ND 58202
Ph: 701-777-3431
http://richardkahn.org
Richard,
Thank you so much! Thanks a million! You have gone far beyond my expectations in giving me direction for getting up to speed on the environmental aspects of critical pedagogy and I’m excited about getting started on this! I will start reading through these materials right away and will probably have questions, but for now I just wanted to thank you for all of the work you have done putting this together. It is appreciated very much!
In Solidarity,
Vanessa
>
Winona LaDuke is great. I've only ever had the chance to hear her via audio and video, never in person unfortunately. I'm hopeful now that I'm in the upper midwest, I can get her over to North Dakota from Ojibwa territory in Minnesota...
Since her name was brought up, and it's election season, let me remind everyone that she ran as Vice-President on the US Green Party ticket in 2000 with Ralph Nadar (she actually did in 1996 too). In that context, I think it's very interesting that a lot of the DNC bashing of Nadar that took place after Al Gore had the election stolen from him by the Bush cabal conveniently left LaDuke out of the picture. Was she easily overlooked for being an indigenous woman? Or did the Dems not want to appear to be bashing a major Native American environmental and indigenous activist/politician? In a way that those who are turned on now with hope by having Barack Obama in the seat of great power, I will confess that I was intrigued by the thought that even a small but significant percentage of the country would pay honor and listen to someone like Winona LaDuke as part of the presidential election process.
By the way, speaking of Barack Obama, the Greens are running one of the most exciting radical tickets in recent memory -- Cynthia McKinney for Prez this year with Rosa Clemente for Vice-Prez! Problems with any and all Green Parties aside, if people can't be excited by a ticket like that and find some way to support it, then it will say a lot of negative things about the structural situation in which Barack Obama's slogan of "change you can believe in" must be interpreted. In other words, in my opinion, the hopes for this mainstream candidacy rest on some real level on not abjecting the radical ticket. Can the Obama camp find a way to work with the militant sisters? I'll be interested to see how this plays out.
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Richard Kahn, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor of Educational Foundations and Research
University of North Dakota
231 Centennial Drive, Stop 7189, ED 305
Grand Forks, ND 58202
Ph: 701-777-3431
Richard,
Thank you so much for the wonderful extension to the conversation about Winona LaDuke. There is so much I don’t know! I agree that it will be interesting to see how the election transpires – we need to keep hope alive, here. As I visit your website, http://richardkahn.org, which is very beautifully designed (!), I find your work highly relevant to the work I want to accomplish. With all of the writing you have done, I have much reading ahead of me yet, which I will do as I am very conscientous about gaining a thorough understanding. As I was looking through your articles, one I was drawn to instantly because it speaks to questions that have been plaguing me at this instant was “Listen to Us! A Dialogue for Solidarity withLawrence Sampson, American Indian Movement Spokesperson” (Kahn & Nocella II, 2004). I have this burning question (in fact I had just bothered Joe with it this morning in an email I sent him): How do we define leadership? I realize, of course, for any movement, including critical pedagogy, solidarity is essential, but as you and Nocella II (2004) point out, it is “created through ongoing struggle together and the development of a shared history” (p. 1). As a novice, I want to serve leaders of critical pedagogy in solidarity without ever offending anyone. Listening to spokespersons like Lawrence Sampson is a start to finding some of the answers I seek relative to maintaining a humility that transcends my fallibility.
Vanessa
well vanessa you're much too kind to pay so much careful attention to me. i must say that for being a self-described "newbie," i find your intellectual and scholarly rigor demonstrated on this center's site to be the equal of your passion. you write with great critical perceptiveness and documented seriousness. i would have guessed you had a much longer track record with this stuff, so very impressive...
since you brought up the sampson piece, i should say two things about it. i stand by the ideas and the way the solidarity dialogue is framed, which is what you pick up on. in all humility, i was happy with it then and i remain pleased with it. lawrence sampson, on the other hand, is a question mark. i met him through tony nocella. his credentials appeared in order and he struck me as a very intelligent guy with a wide-ranging knowledge of radical politics and even critical pedagogy. he was able to speak with seriousness about freire with me in a memorable way. however, since that time, there has been public dispute about him within the american indian community. some of this is undoubtedly a result of in-fighting that has taken place within the American Indian Movement generally -- for instance, against Ward Churchill and others inducted by Russell Means (this would include Sampson, is my understanding). but on indigenous community listservs i have also seen campaigns attacking Sampson as having a fraudalent background that does not match with his claims.
to my knowledge he is not currently a spokesperson for AIM. i do believe that he was empowered to act in that capacity of the time of my interaction with him, though. so i think the dialogue is credible, but we'd need to be careful now about its worth as representative of AIM policy in the present.
best,
richard
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Richard Kahn, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor of Educational Foundations and Research
University of North Dakota
231 Centennial Drive, Stop 7189, ED 305
Grand Forks, ND 58202
Ph: 701-777-3431
Richard,
Thank you for the update; it is much appreciated!
I also appreciate your kind words! I think I have always been a critical pedagogue at heart - just did not know that there was a theory that could define it - and especially to guide me to refine my practice - until three months ago when I started some of my own research on McLaren (not dictated by the university). Both universities I attended were very careful to leave critical pedagogy out of the instruction, it seems. I have often been told that my passion comes through my writing; one of my professors suggested I might enjoy McLaren's work for that reason, I believe, and the fact that I was always highly political in my writing. I am so glad she pointed me to his work (which had nothing to do with the course she was teaching, really) because I kept feeling like there was something big missing in education, but I could not define what that was - and now I know critical pedagogy is what was missing. I am a newbie, because as I am learning, I have a LOT to learn, a lot of reading to do to get a broad idea of all of the ideas being exchanged and to become familiar with all of the authors who exchange them, and I also have some bad habits to break since I really didn't know what I was doing!
Thank you so much! Your kind words encourage me to stick with this through the difficult moments.
In solidarity,
Vanessa
Richard,
I cannot let this comment you made slide by: "well vanessa you're much too kind to pay so much careful attention to me."
First, I don't know what you mean by it - I have read enough of your work to know how important it is! Why would I not pay attention? I was very excited when I saw what you are researching and the only reason I am behind on reading it is because I had to be able to understand just what critical pedagogy and critical theory is all about first - give me a week! My focus this week - and after - is your work, and I hope that is ok with you.
Peace & Love,
Vanessa
Interestingly, not a single one of the comments thus far at the Chronicle of Higher Education addresses the imperiled South African elephant who is being hunted for "sustainable harvesting" in the room of Hussein's case -- that he was a federal whistleblower on animal cruelty (read: vivisection abuses of the already weak animal welfare act) in his university's biotech lab (one can only imagine the monstrous cruelties that such labs might inflict). Add Hussein to the list of scholars in this paper who have suffered for having an ethical conscience and actually doing something about it -- in fact, the proper and per protocol thing -- only to find that it cost them their job and reputation...
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August 8, 2008
Nevada Regents Uphold a Tenured Professor's Firing
The Nevada Board of Regents has upheld the dismissal of a researcher at the University of Nevada at Reno who says he was fired for complaining to federal officials about animal abuse at the institution, the Reno Gazette-Journal reported.
Hussein S. Hussein, an associate professor in the department of animal biotechnology, told the paper that the regents’ unanimous decision, made at a hearing that he didn’t attend, was “an absolute outrage.”
Mr. Hussein was dismissed from the institution followed a disciplinary hearing earlier this year to examine allegations that he had plagiarized the work of his graduate students and withheld some donated research money that should have gone to the university to cover indirect costs. The hearing officer found no proof that Mr. Hussein had plagiarized students’ work, and also determined that, although Mr. Hussein had indeed kept money from the university, he didn’t deserve to be fired.
Mr. Hussein has a lawsuit pending against the Board of Regents. That, he says, creates a conflict of interest that should have prevented the board from hearing the appeal of his dismissal. —Audrey Williams June
Posted on Friday August 8, 2008 | Permalink |
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Richard Kahn, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor of Educational Foundations and Research
University of North Dakota
231 Centennial Drive, Stop 7189, ED 305
Grand Forks, ND 58202
Ph: 701-777-3431